Ownership Compared

Evidence map

Energy cost: what the evidence base looks like

10 publications, 0 of them trials and 0 syntheses. This page describes the shape of that literature rather than summarising its conclusions.

Updated 4 min read 10 citations

What the evidence on energy cost is made of Of 10 publications on this topic, the breakdown by study type: 10 other. 10other (10)
10 publications, by study type. Volume is not strength — the same count can be a settled question or a pile of commentary, and which one it is depends almost entirely on this breakdown. Harvested from PubMed and Crossref; publication type as recorded by the source.

What this literature is made of

A reasonable volume of literature, but weighted towards reviews and observational work rather than trials. That is enough to describe a phenomenon and rarely enough to establish that an intervention works.

The distinction that matters most is between synthesis and primary research. A meta-analysis pools trials and is the closest thing to a settled answer a field produces. A narrative review is one group's reading of the same material and can be selective without being dishonest. Counting them together, which most citation counts do, obscures exactly the thing you want to know.

When the energy cost literature was published Publication years for the 10 papers on this topic, grouped into bands from before 2015 through to 2023 onwards. 2023 onwards5 papers2020-20223 papersBefore 20152 papers
Still active. The most recent paper here is from 2026, so this is a field where an answer written today may not hold for long. Publication years as recorded by PubMed and Crossref.

How this page is built

Everything above is computed from the citations this site harvested from PubMed and Crossref, not written by hand. When the weekly harvest finds a new paper on this topic, these counts change and the characterisation changes with them. That is the point: a hand-written claim about how strong an evidence base is starts decaying the day it is written.

Publication type is taken as the source records it. That is imperfect — journals label inconsistently, and a paper indexed as a "review" may be a systematic one — so treat the bands as approximate. They are accurate enough to distinguish a trial literature from a commentary literature, which is the distinction that matters.

The strongest work on this topic

Ordered by study design first, then recency. The full set is listed in the references below.

  1. Optimal scheduling of electric vehicle charging and vehicle‐to‐grid services at household level including battery degradation and price uncertainty — Ortega‐Vazquez M, 2014, journal article
  2. Stochastic Modeling and Forecasting of Electric Vehicle Charging Demand Using Compound Poisson Processes — Quinard H, Colas F, Dieulot J et al., 2026, journal article
  3. Price Signals and Load Flexibility in Public Transport: A Cost Analysis of Electric Bus Charging — Grenander G, Daniels D, 2026, journal article
  4. An Introduction to “Alternative Fuel Grades” for Electric Vehicle Fast Charging — Khalid M, Velapatiño Benito M, Rzonca A et al., 2025, journal article
  5. Dynamic Programming of Electric Vehicle Reservation Charging and Battery Preheating Strategies Considering Time-of-Use Electricity Price — Zhu B, Bao C, Yao M et al., 2024, journal article
  6. Cost-Optimal Aggregated Electric Vehicle Flexibility for Demand Response Market Participation by Workplace Electric Vehicle Charging Aggregators — Chen Y, Zeng W, Khurram A et al., 2024, journal article
  7. Power System Impacts of Electric Vehicle Charging Strategies — Alvarez Guerrero J, Acker T, Castro R, 2022, journal article
  8. Pole-Mounted Electric Vehicle Charging: Preliminary Guidance for a Low-Cost and More Accessible Public Charging Solution for U.S. Cities — Werthmann E, Kothari V, 2021, journal article
  9. Minimizing the Cost of PHEV Usage with Price Sensitive Charging Strategies — Zarbouti D, Koutsi E, Athanasiadou G et al., 2021, journal article
  10. Electric regulation: Future of the electric vehicle charging stations — Bowden N, 2012, journal article
How much research is there on energy cost?
10 publications are indexed here, of which 0 are trials and 0 are syntheses.
Does more research mean a stronger conclusion?
No. Composition matters more than volume — five randomised trials support a claim far better than fifty commentaries, and citation counts do not distinguish between them.
How current is this?
The most recent paper indexed here is from 2026. The set is refreshed weekly from PubMed and Crossref.
Why does this page not tell me the answer?
Because summarising a literature into a conclusion requires reading it, and doing that automatically is how confident nonsense gets published. This page tells you how much weight a conclusion could bear; the articles on this site do the interpreting.

References

Every citation below links to the original peer-reviewed record on PubMed or via DOI. Nothing here is a substitute for medical advice.

  1. Optimal scheduling of electric vehicle charging and vehicle‐to‐grid services at household level including battery degradation and price uncertainty Ortega‐Vazquez M · IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution · 2014 · Journal article DOI
  2. Price Signals and Load Flexibility in Public Transport: A Cost Analysis of Electric Bus Charging Grenander G, Daniels D · Findings · 2026 · Journal article DOI
  3. Stochastic Modeling and Forecasting of Electric Vehicle Charging Demand Using Compound Poisson Processes Quinard H, Colas F, Dieulot J, et al. · Electricity · 2026 · Journal article DOI
  4. An Introduction to “Alternative Fuel Grades” for Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Khalid M, Velapatiño Benito M, Rzonca A, et al. · Electricity · 2025 · Journal article DOI
  5. Cost-Optimal Aggregated Electric Vehicle Flexibility for Demand Response Market Participation by Workplace Electric Vehicle Charging Aggregators Chen Y, Zeng W, Khurram A, et al. · Energies · 2024 · Journal article DOI
  6. Dynamic Programming of Electric Vehicle Reservation Charging and Battery Preheating Strategies Considering Time-of-Use Electricity Price Zhu B, Bao C, Yao M, et al. · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2024 · Journal article DOI
  7. Power System Impacts of Electric Vehicle Charging Strategies Alvarez Guerrero J, Acker T, Castro R · Electricity · 2022 · Journal article DOI
  8. Minimizing the Cost of PHEV Usage with Price Sensitive Charging Strategies Zarbouti D, Koutsi E, Athanasiadou G, et al. · Electricity · 2021 · Journal article DOI
  9. Pole-Mounted Electric Vehicle Charging: Preliminary Guidance for a Low-Cost and More Accessible Public Charging Solution for U.S. Cities Werthmann E, Kothari V · World Resources Institute · 2021 · Journal article DOI
  10. Electric regulation: Future of the electric vehicle charging stations Bowden N · Natural Gas & Electricity · 2012 · Journal article DOI

This page is not translated into this language yet and is shown in English. Translation is in progress.