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Evidence map

Cold weather: what the evidence base looks like

9 publications, 0 of them trials and 0 syntheses. This page describes the shape of that literature rather than summarising its conclusions.

Updated 3 min read 9 citations

What the evidence on cold weather is made of Of 9 publications on this topic, the breakdown by study type: 9 other. 9other (9)
9 publications, by study type. Volume is not strength — the same count can be a settled question or a pile of commentary, and which one it is depends almost entirely on this breakdown. Harvested from PubMed and Crossref; publication type as recorded by the source.

What this literature is made of

A reasonable volume of literature, but weighted towards reviews and observational work rather than trials. That is enough to describe a phenomenon and rarely enough to establish that an intervention works.

The distinction that matters most is between synthesis and primary research. A meta-analysis pools trials and is the closest thing to a settled answer a field produces. A narrative review is one group's reading of the same material and can be selective without being dishonest. Counting them together, which most citation counts do, obscures exactly the thing you want to know.

When the cold weather literature was published Publication years for the 9 papers on this topic, grouped into bands from before 2015 through to 2023 onwards. 2015-20193 papers2023 onwards3 papers2020-20222 papersBefore 20151 papers
Still active. The most recent paper here is from 2026, so this is a field where an answer written today may not hold for long. Publication years as recorded by PubMed and Crossref.

How this page is built

Everything above is computed from the citations this site harvested from PubMed and Crossref, not written by hand. When the weekly harvest finds a new paper on this topic, these counts change and the characterisation changes with them. That is the point: a hand-written claim about how strong an evidence base is starts decaying the day it is written.

Publication type is taken as the source records it. That is imperfect — journals label inconsistently, and a paper indexed as a "review" may be a systematic one — so treat the bands as approximate. They are accurate enough to distinguish a trial literature from a commentary literature, which is the distinction that matters.

The strongest work on this topic

Ordered by study design first, then recency. The full set is listed in the references below.

  1. Effect of Low Temperature on Electric Vehicle Range — Steinstraeter M, Heinrich T, Lienkamp M, 2021, journal article
  2. Effect of Ambient Temperature on Electric Vehicles’ Energy Consumption and Range: Model Definition and Sensitivity Analysis Based on Nissan Leaf Data — Iora P, Tribioli L, 2019, journal article
  3. Real‑World Energy Consumption Comparison Between a Diesel Vehicle and a Battery‑Electric Vehicle — Fike M, Predin A, Roger A, 2026, journal article
  4. Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Using Real-World Field Data — R.Vishnuvardhan, T BanuChandar, 2026, journal article
  5. Energy Cost Analysis and Operational Range Prediction Based on Medium- and Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Real-World Deployments across the United States — Qiu Y, Dobbelaere C, Song S, 2023, journal article
  6. Real Driving Range in Electric Vehicles: Influence on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions — Armenta-Déu C, Cattin E, 2021, journal article
  7. Online Prediction of Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption — Wang J, Besselink I, Nijmeijer H, 2016, journal article
  8. RETRACTED: Chevrolet Volt On-Road Test Programs in Canada Part 1: Effects of Drive Cycle, Ambient Temperature and Accessory Usage on Energy Consumption and Electric Range — Loiselle-Lapointe A, Conde A, Ribberink H, 2015, journal article
  9. Energy Consumption Prediction of a Vehicle along a User-Specified Real-World Trip — Karbowski D, Pagerit S, Calkins A, 2012, journal article
How much research is there on cold weather?
9 publications are indexed here, of which 0 are trials and 0 are syntheses.
Does more research mean a stronger conclusion?
No. Composition matters more than volume — five randomised trials support a claim far better than fifty commentaries, and citation counts do not distinguish between them.
How current is this?
The most recent paper indexed here is from 2026. The set is refreshed weekly from PubMed and Crossref.
Why does this page not tell me the answer?
Because summarising a literature into a conclusion requires reading it, and doing that automatically is how confident nonsense gets published. This page tells you how much weight a conclusion could bear; the articles on this site do the interpreting.

References

Every citation below links to the original peer-reviewed record on PubMed or via DOI. Nothing here is a substitute for medical advice.

  1. Effect of Low Temperature on Electric Vehicle Range Steinstraeter M, Heinrich T, Lienkamp M · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2021 · Journal article DOI
  2. Effect of Ambient Temperature on Electric Vehicles’ Energy Consumption and Range: Model Definition and Sensitivity Analysis Based on Nissan Leaf Data Iora P, Tribioli L · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2019 · Journal article DOI
  3. Real‑World Energy Consumption Comparison Between a Diesel Vehicle and a Battery‑Electric Vehicle Fike M, Predin A, Roger A · Renewable Energies, Environment and Power Quality Journal · 2026 · Journal article DOI
  4. Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Using Real-World Field Data R.Vishnuvardhan, T BanuChandar · Research Digest on Engineering Management and Social Innovations · 2026 · Journal article DOI
  5. Energy Cost Analysis and Operational Range Prediction Based on Medium- and Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Real-World Deployments across the United States Qiu Y, Dobbelaere C, Song S · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2023 · Journal article DOI
  6. Real Driving Range in Electric Vehicles: Influence on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions Armenta-Déu C, Cattin E · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2021 · Journal article DOI
  7. Online Prediction of Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Wang J, Besselink I, Nijmeijer H · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2016 · Journal article DOI
  8. RETRACTED: Chevrolet Volt On-Road Test Programs in Canada Part 1: Effects of Drive Cycle, Ambient Temperature and Accessory Usage on Energy Consumption and Electric Range Loiselle-Lapointe A, Conde A, Ribberink H · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2015 · Journal article DOI
  9. Energy Consumption Prediction of a Vehicle along a User-Specified Real-World Trip Karbowski D, Pagerit S, Calkins A · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2012 · Journal article DOI