EU · US
Audi
Audi Financial Services (Volkswagen Financial Services). Sits between the Volkswagen group’s mainstream brands and the German premium pair on price, and its ownership costs follow the same pattern.
Ownership cost by manufacturer
Every major brand selling in Europe or the United States, with its finance arm named and its cost character described — never a rate, because rates go stale.
EU · US
BMW
BMW Financial Services. Premium brands depreciate from a higher base, so absolute depreciation is large even when the percentage looks respectable.
EU
BYD
Partner financing. A vertically-integrated battery maker selling cars: strong hardware value on paper, with dealer coverage, residuals and parts logistics still maturing in Europe.
US
Chevrolet (GM)
GM Financial. US-market economics: heavy incentive cycles on top of list prices, strong truck residuals, and EV models whose pricing has moved often.
EU
Citroën
Stellantis Financial Services. Positions as the value-comfort end of Stellantis; list prices and residuals both sit below Peugeot for comparable cars, which roughly cancels out.
EU
Cupra / SEAT
SEAT Financial Services (Volkswagen Financial Services). Cupra carries a modest premium over SEAT for the same platforms; residual performance for the young brand is still settling, which is a genuine uncertainty in any total-cost estimate.
EU
Dacia
Mobilize Financial Services. Europe’s reference budget brand: the lowest list prices in most segments it enters, spartan depreciation in absolute terms because there is less value to lose.
EU · US
Fiat
Stellantis Financial Services. Small-car specialist: low entry prices and city-car running costs, with residuals that depend heavily on the model generation.
EU · US
Ford
Ford Credit. US truck economics and European car economics are almost different companies; costs track the segment more than the badge.
EU · US
Honda
Honda Financial Services. Reliability-led residuals similar in kind to Toyota, with a smaller European lineup and a cautious EV rollout.
EU · US
Hyundai
Hyundai Finance (Hyundai Capital). Same fundamentals as Kia: competitive EVs, long warranties, mainstream running costs, and residuals that have strengthened with the product.
EU · US
Kia
Kia Finance. The long warranty is a genuine cost line: it compresses out-of-warranty repair risk for the first owner and measurably supports resale to the second.
US
Lucid
Partner financing. Low-volume luxury EV: exceptional efficiency on paper, but low volume means thin residual data, a sparse service network and high insurance.
EU · US
Mazda
Mazda Financial Services. Mainstream costs with above-average residuals for the styling-led models; the EV range is small and range-modest by design.
EU · US
Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz Mobility. Similar shape to BMW: high absolute depreciation from a high base, premium running costs, strong leasing culture in its home markets.
EU
MG (SAIC)
Partner financing. Aggressive list pricing on EVs rebuilt the brand in Europe; residual values for the new generation are still a short series.
EU · US
MINI
MINI Financial Services (BMW Group). Premium small-car positioning: strong residuals for the segment, BMW-grade servicing costs in a supermini body.
EU · US
Nissan
Nissan Financial Services. An early EV pioneer whose first-generation Leaf established, for better and worse, much of what the used market believes about EV depreciation.
EU
Opel / Vauxhall
Stellantis Financial Services. Squarely mainstream: unremarkable depreciation, cheap servicing, heavy discounting cycles that matter more than any other cost line.
EU
Peugeot
Stellantis Financial Services. Mainstream costs across the board, with the group’s multi-brand platform strategy meaning near-identical cars exist under several badges at different prices.
EU · US
Polestar
Partner financing. EV-only and sold direct, so the Tesla logic applies: no negotiation, and residuals exposed to list-price policy and fleet cycles.
EU · US
Porsche
Porsche Financial Services. The exception to premium depreciation: several model lines hold value unusually well, which can make the total cost lower than the sticker suggests against less expensive cars.
EU
Renault
Mobilize Financial Services. Strong small-EV lineup keeps entry cost low; French-market leasing culture and the captive make monthly-cost buying the norm.
US
Rivian
Partner financing. Young direct-sales EV maker: insurance and repair-network limitations show up in running costs, and residuals are still a short data series.
EU
Škoda
Škoda Financial Services (Volkswagen Financial Services). Consistently one of the cheapest ways to buy Volkswagen group engineering: lower list prices, strong practicality, and residuals that have firmed as the brand’s reputation has.
EU · US
Subaru
Partner financing. US-centric economics: loyal buyers, strong residuals in snow-belt states, small European footprint.
EU · US
Tesla
Tesla Financing. Direct sales mean no dealer margin to negotiate, so the sticker is the price.
EU · US
Toyota
Toyota Financial Services. Reliability reputation is priced in twice — you pay for it new and recover much of it used.
EU · US
Volkswagen
Volkswagen Financial Services. Mainstream residual values and a dense dealer and service network keep ownership costs predictable rather than exceptional in either direction.
EU · US
Volvo
Volvo Car Financial Services. Premium-adjacent costs with strong safety-led residuals; the electrified lineup is broad enough that the powertrain choice moves the cost more than the badge.
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